Why do people move from country to country? Why does migration benefit the host country? And why can it cause problems when people emigrate? How many people move from Mexico to the US every year? What's the difference between a migrant, a refugee and an asylum seeker?
The lessons covered in this unit are: 10. Types of migration 11. Impacts of migration 12. Rural-urban and counter-urbanisation 13. Case study: Immigrants in California 14. Case study: Turks in Germany 15. Case study: Refugees on Mediterranean beaches |
10. TYPES OF MIGRATION
🡺 I know the meaning of the terms: migration; emigration; and immigration.
🡺 I can distinguish between voluntary and forced migration caused by push and pull factors. 🡺 I can explain pull and push factors. Migration is the temporary, seasonal and daily movements of people between countries and within countries. People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as:
Some people choose to migrate, like someone who moves to another country to enhance their career opportunities. This is voluntary migration. Some people are forced to migrate. This is forced migration. Forced migration can result from a range of circumstances. It is usually the result of sudden, life-threatening events such as war or famine. The reasons people migrate are push and pull factors. Pull factors are factors that pull you towards an area and reasons why people move there, such as:
Push factors are factors that push you away from an area and make you leave such as:
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Geo-check!
1. Examine carefully the following population movements. For each of these movements say whether or not it is migration. Give reasons for your decision.
- Nomads in the Sahara desert moving with their livestock.
- People from the countryside to live in towns and cities.
- Your journey to school.
- People moving from one country to settle in another.
- People moving house within a town.
- A shopping trip to the local supermarket.
2. Match the following descriptions with the proper type of migration by filling the table below.
Long-term / Internal / International / Rural-to-urban / Short-term / Urban-to-rural
A - From one part of the country to another
B - From one country to another
C - From the countryside to the cities
D - From the towns to the countryside
E - For several years
F - For several weeks or months
3. Read these examples of migration and put a letter (A to F from above) next to each depending on what type of migration they describe. Some can have more than one letter.
Long-term / Internal / International / Rural-to-urban / Short-term / Urban-to-rural
A - From one part of the country to another
B - From one country to another
C - From the countryside to the cities
D - From the towns to the countryside
E - For several years
F - For several weeks or months
3. Read these examples of migration and put a letter (A to F from above) next to each depending on what type of migration they describe. Some can have more than one letter.
- Maltese doctor moves to London to work in a private hospital.
- University students take up a summer holiday work on a French farm.
- Wealthy family moves out of the city into a larger house in the countryside.
- Unemployed young men from Turkey migrate to Germany in search of work.
- Office worker moves from Cambridge to London where she is promoted as a manager.
- Farmer in Mexico leaves home and moves to Mexico city to work in a factory.
4. Watch the West Side Story video. Highlight the push and pull factors to America.
The girls are talking about why America is great while the boys are disagreeing. |
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5. Write down reasons why people migrate voluntarily or forced.
Voluntary migration: The free movement of migrants looking for an improved quality of life and personal freedom
Forced migration: When a migrant has no personal choice but has to move due to natural disasters, economic or social imposition
Voluntary migration: The free movement of migrants looking for an improved quality of life and personal freedom
Forced migration: When a migrant has no personal choice but has to move due to natural disasters, economic or social imposition
6. Look at the map showing patterns of human migration below.
a. From which continent(s) are the most people emigrating? b. To which continent(s) are the most people immigrating? c. List THREE of the largest patterns of migration around the world? d. Do you think migration is likely to increase, decrease or stay stable in the future? Why? e. Do you think migration patterns are likely to change or stay the same in the future? Why? |
11. IMPACTS OF MIGRATION
🡺 I can analyse the effects of migration on the receiving country and on the country of origin.
There are a number of positive and negative impacts for the receiving and loosing country of migrants. POSITIVE IMPACTS For the loosing country:
For the receiving country:
NEGATIVE IMPACTS For the loosing country:
For the receiving country:
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12. RURAL-URBAN AND COUNTER-URBANISATION
🡺 I understand the meaning of rural-urban migration and counter-urbanisation.
During the industrial revolution many people were forced to leave the country side due to push factors like unemployment. This happened because they were attracted to the growing towns and cities. This movement of people from countryside to city areas is called rural to urban migration. Nowadays, in many MEDCs the movement of people has reversed, and people are moving from urban areas back into the countryside as they search for the quiet life. This is known as counter-urbanisation. URBAN Pull factors
Push factors
RURAL Pull factors
Push factors
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Geo-check!
1. Look at the diagram here. They show the reasons for urban-to-rural migration in MEDCs.
a. What do we call the movement of people from urban areas to villages in rural areas? b. This type of migration is taking place in LEDCs or MEDCs? c. List four factors about life in the urban area that might persuade people to move away and settle in the country. d. Describe three attractions that the rural area might have for people living in large cities. e. Who do you think can afford to move out of the city and migrate to the country? f. Name two problems associated with counter-urbanisation. |
13. CASE STUDY: IMMIGRANTS IN CALIFORNIA
🡺 I can identify the location of migration between Mexico and California.
🡺 I know the causes of the above-named case. 🡺 I know about the main jobs taken up by Mexicans in California. 🡺 I am aware of the restrictions on migration into the USA. What is the situation? There is a 2000km border between USA and Mexico. Every year over 2 million Mexicans migrate to the USA. Even though the US Border Patrol guard the border and try to prevent illegal immigrants, illegal migration is a huge problem for USA and Mexico. Impacts on the USA
Impacts on Mexico
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Geo-check!
1. Colour the map to make it easier to understand and more attractive.
2. How many immigrants are estimated to cross the border from Mexico to the USA every year? Write the answer on the map next to the arrow.
3. Highlight the right answers. (there may be more than one) a. Mexicans migrate to the USA for various reasons namely:
b. Most Mexicans in the USA work:
c. Mexican workers in the USA can be a great help to the American economy because:
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4. Using the CIA World Factbook, fill in the table below.
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5. Study carefully the drawing below. Now answer the following questions.
a. Why do many Mexicans try to enter the USA illegally? b. Give two reasons why the USA:
c. Many Mexicans move to Los Angeles. Describe the types of accommodation and jobs they are likely to find there. |
14. CASE STUDY:
TURKS IN GERMANY
🡺 I can identify the movement of migrants between Turkey and Germany.
🡺 I know the pull and push factors of the above-named migration. 🡺 I am aware of the advantages and disadvantages of migration for the losing and the receiving country. 🡺 I know about the main jobs taken by the Turks in Germany. After the Second World War, Germany lost over 4.5 million people in the war and many more. They used aid from abroad to develop new industries in many cities. However, there was a big shortage of labour. Germany solved this problem by importing ‘guest workers’ especially from Turkey. The people migrated to gain work, earn money and live in a more developed country. Impacts on Germany Positive impacts
Negative impacts
Impacts on Turkey Positive impacts
Negative impacts
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Geo-check!
1. Look at the information here.
a. Which country has the lowest average income per person? b. Which country has the highest percentage of people working in farming? c. Which country has the highest percentage of people working in factories? d. Why do you think people have migrated from these countries to Germany? |
2. Continue the following passage about Turkish migrants into West Germany using the following key words provided.
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Like other European countries, West Germany needed rebuilding when the ___________________ World War ended in 1945. There were many job vacancies than ___________________ , so extra labour was needed.
Working conditions and __________________ were among the best in Europe. As a result Germany attracted workers from the poorest parts of southern Europe mainly from Italy ___________________, Yugoslavia and __________________. As most of the immigrants came from rural areas and villages, they initially found jobs in ___________________ . Soon, however they turned to better-paid jobs in ___________________ and the ___________________ (building) industry. These jobs were not wanted by the Germans because they were __________________, unskilled, poorly paid and often demanded __________________. By 1989 Germany had 4.5 million Gastarbeiter or guest workers. |
5. Construct a pie chart showing immigrant workers in West Germany 1988.
Immigrant workers in West Germany 1988 (%)
Turkey - 29 %
Former Yugoslavia - 17 %
Italy - 15 %
Greece - 7%
Others - 32 %
By the mid-1990's nearly 10% of Germans and 30% of Turks were unemployed.
Immigrant workers in West Germany 1988 (%)
Turkey - 29 %
Former Yugoslavia - 17 %
Italy - 15 %
Greece - 7%
Others - 32 %
By the mid-1990's nearly 10% of Germans and 30% of Turks were unemployed.
- Briefly explain why this happened.
- Name some measures taken by the German Government to limit the number of immigrants.
- Why do you think that in a country like Germany, social unrest and racist attacks are on the increase?
6. Watch the video: The 50th Anniversary of the Turkish-German Guest Worker Treaty | People & Politics
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7. Watch video: Turks in Germany then and now
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15. CASE STUDY: REFUGEES ON MEDITERRANEAN BEACHES
🡺 I know the meaning of the term refugee and the difference from illegal migrant.
🡺 I can identify the location of migration across the Mediterranean. 🡺 I know the causes of such migration, including push and pull factors. 🡺 I am aware of the effects on the receiving countries. Here are a number of terms to classify people who have been forced to leave their country:
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Geo-check!
1. Say if the following statements about refugees are true or false.
2. Are the following refugees or illegal immigrants.
- Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their homes.
- Refugees are people who leave their country to find a better paid job.
- Refugees leave their homes because of persecution, wars or other hazards.
- Refugees migrate from the countryside to the towns for a higher standard of living.
- Refugees usually leave all of their possessions behind.
- Refugees usually live in large refugee camps and need food, water and shelter provided by the host country.
- Refugees usually are rich and live in luxury apartments and hotels.
- Over half of the world's refugee population are children and most of the adults are women.
2. Are the following refugees or illegal immigrants.
- 6 million Afghans forced by war to leave for neighbouring Pakistan.
- Hundreds of Moroccans land in Spain to start a new life in Europe.
- 1.5 million Ethiopians, Sudanese and Somalis driven from their homes because of drought, famine and civil war.
- Hundreds of Egyptians in ill-suited boats landed in Malta on their way to Europe.
- Millions of Mexicans cross the border to the USA every year to work in California.
3. The governments of Europe have tried to limit the number of people migrating to their countries. Many refugees, people who have been forced to leave their own country have been refused entry to countries such as France, Spain, Italy, Malta and the UK.
The extract from a Spanish newspaper examines some of these issues with reference to migrants attempting to enter Spain. a. On the map provided and using an atlas
b. From which countries are the illegal immigrants coming from? c. Where are they landing? d. Where are the Canary Islands found? Why do the refugees consider that they are in Europe once they land on the Canary Islands? e. Name a place where these refugees are accommodated? f. Why do the Spanish authorities want to keep illegal immigrants out of their country? g. What has been done by the Spanish authorities to protect the coast from illegal immigrants. h. Now read carefully the following extract taken from a foreign newspaper about immigrants in Malta. |
REFUGEES ARRIVE ON SPANISH BEACHES
At one time the illegal immigrants from North Africa landed on Spanish beaches at night and were quickly smuggled away to mountains. But this summer refugees have been landing on beaches where holidaymakers are sunbathing and surfing. These are the beaches of the Canary Islands which are part of Spain. There is a 100 kilometre unguarded stretch of water between the African mainland and the Canaries and boatloads of people from countries such as Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Cameroon are willing to risk the journey. The final boat ride to the Canary Islands is not the hardest part of the refugees' migration journey. To get to the African coast many people travel overland through countries foreign to them and through the Sahara desert. However, once in the Canary Islands the refugees are in Europe. As Spain is a member of the European Union they see themselves as having reached a part of the EU. Still, only arrive via the Canaries. Thousands continue to risk the short journey between Morocco and southern Spain around Gibraltar. In the last ten days police around the town of Tarifa have intercepted 600 people. A sports stadium is being used to accommodate the African refugees. Spain has spent £80 million on a radar system which will detect illegal immigrants along 550 kilometres of the Mediterranean Sea. Recent reports show that Spain needs people to work in its booming economy. By 2030 1 million immigrants will be needed to work in the factories and on the farms. Throughout Western Europe natural population increase has declined. Countries no longer reach the population replacement rate. The whole of Europe will need massive immigration to sustain its economy. |
4. Now read carefully the following extract taken from a foreign newspaper about immigrants in Malta.
a. Give three reasons why illegal immigrants end up in Malta. b. According to the newspaper report where are the illegal immigrants accommodated? c. What are asylum-seekers? d. How many illegal immigrants landed in Malta in the first 10 months of 2005? From where are they coming? e. Why is the Maltese government asking for help from other EU countries? f. What kind of help is the Maltese government requesting? g. Why do you think that some Maltese get so angry about new arrivals from Africa? h. According to one of the illegal immigrants, all those detained in Malta want to leave. Why do you think this is so? |
IMMIGRANT FRUSTRATION FOR MALTA By Daniel Sandford (BBC News)
As you walk the historic streets of the Maltese capital Valletta, there is little sign of turmoil on the Maltese Islands. Tourists mingle with shoppers in the ancient streets laid out in an unusual grid pattern. In the centre of the tiny city is the building that houses the Malta Emigrants Commission. From these offices, generations of Maltese migrants prepared to leave and start new lives overseas. But the main corridor is now packed with young Africans -men, women and children. These are not people who are about to leave Malta, they have just arrived. It is the first sign that everything is changing. Dotted around Malta International Airport are barracks that were abandoned by the British Army when it left. The buildings are full of newly-arrived immigrants, their washing hanging from the windows. The grounds are packed with military tents hosing more of the asylum-seekers. In the first 10 months of 2005, more than 1,500 have come from Africa. The figures are small when compared to the large numbers arriving in other countries of the EU, until you consider Malta's population. The islands of Malta are small, but full. Almost 400,000 people live here, making it the third most densely populated country on earth. The government is asking if some other EU countries cannot help by taking some of the asylum-seekers. Just a few hundred less would make an enormous difference. They are running out of place to house them. The new arrivals are having a disturbing affect on Maltese politics. While we were there, a new far-right party, the Alleanza Nazzjonali Republikana, staged the first anti-immigrant rally. Hundreds of Africans -Somalis, Liberians, Sudanese and others - are living in the community in Malta. They are the ones who have been given the right to remain on humanitarian grounds. They are grateful for the help the Maltese have given them, but they say the conditions in the detention centres are harsh. They also say something very unusual for immigrants. They all want to leave. They came to Malta by mistake. They were crossing the Mediterranean between Libya and Italy. Thousands make the journey each year in tiny boats. Many die, but some end up in Malta after running out of fuel, or losing their way. They have to claim asylum in Malta to avoid being sent some, and then they are stuck. Under EU rules, they have to stay in the country in which they first arrived. "It's like a trap," said Warsame Ali Garare, a well-educated Somali in his 20s. "You can't continue, you can't go back, and the Maltese don't want you here. The dream is to leave Malta. Everybody wants to leave." |